A study by the Netherlands Embassy in Hanoi on the current situation of fertilizers and agro-chemicals use in Vietnam and the potential market opportunities.

Increasing use in fertilizer and decreasing use in plant protection chemicals

Vietnam is an agricultural nation with a natural area of 33.1 million ha in the mainland, ranking the largest 65th in the world. Agricultural land in Viet Nam is 27.3 million ha, of which 42.2% is for agricultural production land, 54.7% is for forestry land and ~3% is water surface area for aquaculture. Agricultural production land is, however, fragmented by small pieces of which almost 70% are less than 0.5ha and 25% are from 0.5-2ha.

The average 2.84% growth rate of agriculture and average 14.5% contribution to GDP in the past 3 years (2018-2020) was done by the labor force of 25% of total labor in in Viet Nam (www.chinhphu.vn 2021) taking into account the fact that labor force of Vietnam account for 49.5% of the country’s population .

Viet Nam is divided into 7 agricultural ecological areas from the north to the south. Each ecological area has its own advantages and focuses on certain key commodities like aquaculture, fruits, vegetables, flowers, livestock or industrial crops. Crop production is spreading along the country at different scale from region to region. There comes together with demand for fertilizers and plant protection chemicals.

Over the past 3 years, the number of mineral and organic fertilizers registered has increased tremendously at >500% for organic fertilizer and ~ 50% for mineral fertilizer while the use of plant protection chemical is in down trend, as presented in a conference by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Viet Nam late August 2021. The average use in Mekong river Delta is found higher than the average in the whole country.

A research by An Giang University showed that there is a parallel development of rice production in Viet Nam and the use of active ingredients and trade names of pesticides in the last 30 years. This is also shown by the increasing cost of agro-chemicals in rice production. Out of 48.9% of agro-chemical cost in the total rice production cost, of which around 40% is spent on pesticides and 56% is on fertilizers.

Below is the list of active ingredients and trade names of pesticides allowed for use in Viet Nam in 2019

Pesticides - 48.45% active ingredients - 44.67% trade names registered.

Fungicides - 31.76 % - 29.89%

Herbicides - 13.03% - 16.39%

Growth regulators - 2.88% - 3.68%

Mollucicides -1.83% - 3.81%

Others are rodenticides, chemicals used for drainage, timber preservatives, storage chemicals etc.

Agro-chemical import is very high (99-100%), national production capacity is limited. There are not many companies producing active ingredients for pesticides in Viet Nam. Pesticides chemicals are mostly imported (99% chemicals and 100% pesticides). The imported amount is enormous up to 70k to 100k tons. According to Customs Vietnam, the import value of pesticides was as high as more than 1 billion USD in 2017 and 939 million USD in 2018. Most products are imported from China, around 70% in2017. A research shows that 45% of import volume is done by a dozen of big companies.

Vietnam also exports pesticides and related chemicals to other countries like Cambodia, Taiwan, Singapore, Myanmar and Laos up to less than 10k tons in total.

Viet Nam has less than 100 companies producing plant protection chemicals and ten times higher of companies producing fertilizers. Most of these companies base in the Mekong River Delta.


State management:

The state management of agro chemicals in Viet Nam has been improved in the last few years. However, challenges remain at different levels: state management, businesses and farmers uses. According to the list published by MARD, there are 503 mono active ingredients that are grouped into pesticides (133 active ingredients), fungicides with 157 active ingredients and herbicides with 85 active ingredients. A real challenge for state management is the monitoring of cocktailing these mono-ingredients into active groups.

As for farmers use level, it seems that using pesticides has been considered a guarantee for good harvest and has become an ingrained routine to most farmers. It would not be an easy task to change this mindset. As for businesses, pesticides business truly brings about huge profit, attracting large number of groups, companies, distributors.

These all together make the task of governmental agencies harder in putting in place regulations for the control of pesticides, also in finding alternative measures to reduce negative impacts on health and environment.

Overuse of pesticides leads to serious environmental problems. According to the Vietnamese Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), disposed water from agricultural production is the key issue. For example in MKD, the overuse of pesticides in farming activities has tremendous impact on aquaculture. Evidence suggests that the residue of chlorpyrifos was found in cat fish in US. 60% of contaminated ground water in Vietnam is the result of the overuse of pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural production (Saxion 2019 Prof. Futselaar). This issue is getting more and more awareness in the past few years and changes have been made step by step.

A number of policy efforts have been taken by the government. For example, the Mekong Delta is an important agricultural production hub of Viet Nam and is suffering from the huge impacts of climate change. In 2017, the government issued Resolution 120 on climate-resilient sustainable development in MKD to push forward the restructuring of not only agriculture in the delta towards quality oriented and nature-based farming practices. Next to that, other regulations can be counted including Decree 109/2018 on organic farming, paving pathways for the development of organic farming in the country; Decision 3965/2018 by the Ministry of Science and Technology stipulating organic farming production criteria; Decision 2025/2020 by MARD on the agricultural master plan in MKD. These set important milestones in an effort to reduce the application of hazardous pesticides in agriculture.

Still, there is a long way from policy to practice when statistics show that the average use of agro chemicals in the Mekong River Delta is higher than the average us of the whole country.

Private sector acts and practices at farm level

As for private sector, there is a new wave of clean/organic agriculture and nature-based agricultural practices that have been promoted throughout the country.

Other technical approaches and farming models are also suggested to be applied by farmers for reduction of pesticides costs and improving food safety: Global GAP, Viet Gap, IPM, 1M5R (1 must do being certified seeds, 5 reduction being seedlings, fertilizers, pesticides, water use and post-harvest loss), organic farming, PGS (participatory guarantee system) or greenhouse practices. All these efforts are seen and served as small bricks to build up a greener economy.